How Long to Read Nd-YAG laser irradiation of pigments and binders in paint layers

How Long Does it Take to Read Nd-YAG laser irradiation of pigments and binders in paint layers?

It takes the average reader and 5 minutes to read Nd-YAG laser irradiation of pigments and binders in paint layers by Alexander Schnell

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Scientific Essay from the year 2003 in the subject Engineering - Civil Engineering, , course: EUROMAT 2003, 6 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: Laser cleaning of polychrome surfaces is currently problematic due to the fact, that laser irradiation can cause damage of the paint layers. A test program was worked out to analyse the chemical and physical background of these typical “pigment blackening effects”. The analytical methods ESEM, XRD, DTA, FTIR and NMR were used to describe the reactions of inorganic pigments and organic binding media caused by laser irradiation. The used laser system is commercially available, is currently used for the cleaning of natural stone surfaces and works at a wavelength of 1064 nm. The discoloration of pigments and paint layers was documented by colour measurement. Further the measurement of discoloration thresholds of energy density (of pigments and paint layers) was a main part of the research.

How long is Nd-YAG laser irradiation of pigments and binders in paint layers?

Nd-YAG laser irradiation of pigments and binders in paint layers by Alexander Schnell is 5 pages long, and a total of 1,275 words.

This makes it 2% the length of the average book. It also has 2% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Nd-YAG laser irradiation of pigments and binders in paint layers Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes and 6 minutes to read Nd-YAG laser irradiation of pigments and binders in paint layers aloud.

What Reading Level is Nd-YAG laser irradiation of pigments and binders in paint layers?

Nd-YAG laser irradiation of pigments and binders in paint layers is suitable for students ages 6 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

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