How Long to Read Observational Studies of Photonuclear Reactions Triggered by Lightning Discharges

How Long Does it Take to Read Observational Studies of Photonuclear Reactions Triggered by Lightning Discharges?

It takes the average reader 3 hours and 10 minutes to read Observational Studies of Photonuclear Reactions Triggered by Lightning Discharges by Yuuki Wada

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

This book presents the first simultaneous detection of neutrons and positrons after a terrestrial gamma-ray flash (TGF), a highest-energy transient phenomenon on the earth, triggered by a lightning discharge, based on innovative ground-based observations made in the Hokuriku area of Japan. TGFs, known to be produced by lightning discharges since the 1990s, has been theoretically predicted to react with atmospheric nuclei via photonuclear reactions because they comprise high-energy photons of more than 10 MeV, but such photonuclear reactions by lightning discharges, which produce neutrons and unstable isotopes emitting positrons, were not observationally confirmed. The reactions and propagations of their products in the atmosphere are modeled with Monte Carlo simulations to quantitatively evaluate observations of TGFs, neutrons, and positrons at ground level. The successful comparison between observation and simulation is presented, and demonstrates that lightning discharges to trigger photonuclear reactions and to even produce isotopes in the atmosphere.

How long is Observational Studies of Photonuclear Reactions Triggered by Lightning Discharges?

Observational Studies of Photonuclear Reactions Triggered by Lightning Discharges by Yuuki Wada is 190 pages long, and a total of 47,500 words.

This makes it 64% the length of the average book. It also has 58% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Observational Studies of Photonuclear Reactions Triggered by Lightning Discharges Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 4 hours and 19 minutes to read Observational Studies of Photonuclear Reactions Triggered by Lightning Discharges aloud.

What Reading Level is Observational Studies of Photonuclear Reactions Triggered by Lightning Discharges?

Observational Studies of Photonuclear Reactions Triggered by Lightning Discharges is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Observational Studies of Photonuclear Reactions Triggered by Lightning Discharges?

Observational Studies of Photonuclear Reactions Triggered by Lightning Discharges by Yuuki Wada is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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