It takes the average reader 15 hours and 18 minutes to read Ocean Circulation and Climate by Cecilie Mauritzen
Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more
Observations made during the 1990s and 2000s indicate that the Arctic physical environment and associated ecosystem are undergoing remarkable changes. The observed reduction in Arctic sea ice extent is arguably the strongest, most powerful visual symbol of climate change. The Arctic Ocean is changing as well. Here we discuss, from an observational point of view, the present understanding of the circulation, water masses, and stratification of the Arctic Ocean, highlighting the changes that have taken place during the past few decades. Many of these ocean signals evolve rapidly, making it essential that the state of the Arctic/Subarctic is observed continually, using all the recent advances that have been made in high-latitude monitoring and in Earth System understanding. Taking recent investigations of the Arctic atmosphere and sea ice as guides, we deem it likely that signatures of anthropogenic climate change in the Arctic/Subarctic Seas will begin to emerge above the high level of natural variability within the next decade.
Ocean Circulation and Climate by Cecilie Mauritzen is 904 pages long, and a total of 229,616 words.
This makes it 305% the length of the average book. It also has 281% more words than the average book.
The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 20 hours and 54 minutes to read Ocean Circulation and Climate aloud.
Ocean Circulation and Climate is suitable for students ages 12 and up.
Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.
When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.
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