How Long to Read Preparation and Characterization of Formaldehyde-Free Wood Adhesives from Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Fronds Lignin (Penerbit USM)

How Long Does it Take to Read Preparation and Characterization of Formaldehyde-Free Wood Adhesives from Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Fronds Lignin (Penerbit USM)?

It takes the average reader 1 hour and 29 minutes to read Preparation and Characterization of Formaldehyde-Free Wood Adhesives from Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Fronds Lignin (Penerbit USM) by Mohd. Hazwan Hussin

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Phenol formaldehyde (PF) is one of the widely used wood adhesives in the wood industry. The raw materials in the production of phenol formaldehyde resin are petroleum-derived and formaldehyde-based materials which corresponds to public health issues, environmental problems and non-economical costing. In recent years, the increasing price of petrochemical due to energy shortage and environmental problems such as global warming and climate change as results from the burning of fossil fuels have been brought to great public attention. Public health issues related to the emission of formaldehyde-based adhesives in most buildings and constructions, have also been given notice. Thus, lignin phenol glyoxal (LPG) wood adhesives have been formulated by partially replacing phenol with Kraft and organosolv lignins at varying weight percentages. Results showed that 50 % organosolv LPG (OLPG) resin may cure as a stronger, natural, green, cost-effective and sustainable wood adhesive to replace PF resin in the wood industry.

How long is Preparation and Characterization of Formaldehyde-Free Wood Adhesives from Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Fronds Lignin (Penerbit USM)?

Preparation and Characterization of Formaldehyde-Free Wood Adhesives from Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Fronds Lignin (Penerbit USM) by Mohd. Hazwan Hussin is 87 pages long, and a total of 22,359 words.

This makes it 29% the length of the average book. It also has 27% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Preparation and Characterization of Formaldehyde-Free Wood Adhesives from Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Fronds Lignin (Penerbit USM) Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 2 hours and 2 minutes to read Preparation and Characterization of Formaldehyde-Free Wood Adhesives from Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Fronds Lignin (Penerbit USM) aloud.

What Reading Level is Preparation and Characterization of Formaldehyde-Free Wood Adhesives from Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Fronds Lignin (Penerbit USM)?

Preparation and Characterization of Formaldehyde-Free Wood Adhesives from Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Fronds Lignin (Penerbit USM) is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Preparation and Characterization of Formaldehyde-Free Wood Adhesives from Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Fronds Lignin (Penerbit USM)?

Preparation and Characterization of Formaldehyde-Free Wood Adhesives from Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Fronds Lignin (Penerbit USM) by Mohd. Hazwan Hussin is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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